500 mg per dose. It asks nothing of your enzyme: it comes in through another door.

It provides dietary nitrate, which the body converts into nitric oxide through the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway.

What matters is not just that it provides it, but where it enters. This route is independent of nitric oxide synthase: it does not need the enzyme to be working well, it does not compete for its substrates and it does not depend on its cofactors.

That independence is the reason it is in the formula. The enzymatic pathway loses efficiency with the years and under oxidative load; the nitrate pathway keeps its contribution under those same conditions.

It is the piece that sustains availability while the other two work on your own capacity. It brings in the finished product, through the door that is still open.

150 mg per dose, at 95% polyphenols. It's the only one of the three that works on the enzyme itself.

It's the only one of the three that acts on the enzyme itself, and it does so on two different levels.

First, it supports the activation of eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Second, and more importantly, it increases its expression: it makes the cell produce more copies of the enzyme.

The difference between the two defines the long-term result. Activating pays off for as long as the stimulus lasts. Increasing expression restores installed capacity, and that stays.

That's why this extract is the one that explains why the effect holds up in the fourth month and doesn't depend exclusively on that day's capsule. It doesn't replenish from the outside: it rebuilds the factory.

150 mg per dose, at 40% punicalagins. Producing it is no use if it is destroyed before it arrives.

It works the side of the equation that almost no formula touches: not how much is produced, but how much survives.

Nitric oxide has a half-life of seconds, and its main destroyer is the superoxide radical, which reacts with it at very high speed and consumes it before it reaches the vessel wall.

Punicalagins strengthen endothelial antioxidant defense and reduce that load. Less superoxide means that a greater share of the nitric oxide produced actually reaches its destination.

And it benefits the other two equally: it protects both what arrived by the nitrate pathway and what your own enzyme made. Producing more of something that keeps being lost has a ceiling. This is the one that lifts it.

50 mcg per dose, in its MK-7 form. Every order that came before ends up in the same place: the vessel wall. Whether that wall can obey the order depends on this one.

Over the years, the calcium that comes in each day ends up depositing in the artery wall instead of going to the bone. The wall becomes stiffer, and a stiff wall responds worse to the same order.

What decides where that calcium goes is a protein that doesn't work without vitamin K2. With K2 available, the day's calcium is directed to the bone, which is where it's useful.

Said precisely: It prevents the calcification of the arteries.

It's the piece that works on a horizon of years. The other three recover what can be moved today; this one makes sure that five years from now there's still somewhere to move it.